| Context |
To a native speaker of English with a "good phonetic ear" or with, for example, a knowledge of a language such as Spanish (Abramson & Lisker, 1973), this will be recognized (perceived) as a voiceless initial unaspirated stop. By many (probably most), however, it will be perceived as belonging to ld.1 and not as an incorrect allophone belonging to /t/. Accordingly, the patient will be credited with a phonemic error, when in fact a phonetic error had been produced. That is, the phonemic target of the speaker will be falsely evaluated by the hearer. Sands, Freeman, and Harris (1978) followed the improvement over a 10-year period of a patient with a limb-kinetic apraxia of speech. They found that, at the end of this period, errors of place and manner of articulation as well as deletion errors were greatly reduced.
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