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A somewhat different formulation of aphasia as a cognitive disorder was reflected in the concept of "asymbolia," introduced by Finkelnburg (1870) to denote a general impairment of symbolic thinking. Such a defect might be manifested in dealing with nonverbal, as well as verbal, types of information, for example, failing to recognize the symbolic import of pantomimed actions, the value of coins, or the meaning of environmental sounds, such as the ring of a doorbell or the bark of a dog.
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