| Context |
Let us assume that there may be two possible disturbances, one at a nonmotoric phonemic level and the other at some lower stage of speech production (see Ziegler, 1987). Breakdown at either level may result in a substitutive error. The problem was well stated by De Renzi et al. (1966); "It is hard to decide if the substitution of voiced consonantal sounds (e.g., b, v, g), by the corresponding voiceless consonants (p, f, k, respectively) is due to wrong choice of phonemes or to lack of synergy of the vocal cords with the muscles of articulation" (p. 55).
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