Layer of leather or other material separating the main part of the heel from the ground; it is so called because handmade shoes were made upside down in the lab of the maker.
This paper presents data analysis for a representative subject from a pilot study where subjects walked at increasing speeds across a force plate in shoes with the top-piece/outsoles replaced by a variety of test materials, including test-foot materials commonly used in walkway-safety tribometry. The goal of this data analysis was to develop a methodology that can by used in a multi-subject experiment that combines force-plate and video data. More specifically, the objectives were: To determine how force-plate assessment of required friction for subjects walking in shoes having soles and heels of various shoe-bottom or tribometric reference materials compares to tribometric testing of available friction using similar test-foot materials.