One way to make electronic payments is to utilise a modified version of the existing credit card system. Cryptography can be used to protect the confidentiality of a message containing a credit card number and to confirm that the message was indeed sent by the cardholder. […] Another design involves verifiable security mechanisms for the transaction to occur electronically which are not simply based on the exchange of a credit card number - such as independent confirmation by digital signature - as well as an authorisation process that is not tied to any proprietary network so that purchases can be made on open networks. Several schemes for other kinds of electronic payment systems are in various stages of development, including a number of different "digital money" systems. Digital money systems use cryptography to create a unique electronic representation that is redeemable for payment or which can constitute legal tender that is storable, transferable and unforgeable.